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REMEMBRANCE AND JUSTICE: 100 YEARS OF WAITING…
Throughout history, it has been the inaction of those who could have acted; the indifference of those who should have known better; the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered most; that has made it possible for evil to triumph.
Today we mark the 100th anniversary of the destruction of the Greenwood neighborhood during the 1921 Tulsa Massacre. As Black Americans and black descendants of Black Wall Street still await full acknowledgement and justice for the race riot which caused the decimation of their legacy, we must not forget the other cities throughout history that befell the same or similar attacks. They include the following:
(SOURCE: WIKIPEDIA)
19TH CENTURY
DATE LOCATION NOTES
1870s – 1940s, Wyandotte, Michigan, African Americans were expelled from Wyandotte on multiple occasions.
April 13, 1873, Pollock, Louisiana, Further information: Colfax Massacre the small black population of Pollock left the town after the massacre of more than 100 blacks in nearby Colfax.
November 1, 1878, Celina, Tennessee, Celina’s black population left on November 1, 1878, after being subject to a series of violent actions over the course of several months.
1886, Comanche County, Texas, White residents expelled blacks from Comanche County because of alleged crimes committed by black men.
1888–1908, Paragould, Arkansas, A number of race riots occurred in Paragould between 1888 and 1908, resulting in most of the town’s 150 black residents leaving.
1892, Lexington, Oklahoma,
1893, Blackwell, Oklahoma,
June 20, 1894, Monett, Missouri, Monett’s black population was expelled after the lynching of a black man who killed a white man during a fight. The Monett expulsion was the first of number of violent expulsions in Southwestern Missouri between 1894 and 1906.
1896, Linton, Indiana, 300 black strikebreakers were expelled from the coal mining town of Linton after one of the strikebreakers shot a white boy. Eventually blacks were banned from living in all of Greene County.
August 27, 1897, Elwood, Indiana,
April 10, 1899, Pana, Illinois, Further information: Pana riot Gun battle between striking white miners and strikebreaker black miners results in the deaths of five blacks and two whites as well as the expulsion of Pana’s black population.
September 17, 1899, Carterville, Illinois, A violent shootout occurred between striking white miners and non-union black miners who were brought into Carterville as strikebreakers. Five black miners are killed. All the surviving black miners left Carterville shortly after the riot.
20th Century
DATE LOCATION NOTES
February 20, 1901, Mena, Arkansas, Most of Mena’s black population left the town after a black man named Peter Berryman was lynched for allegedly assaulting a white girl.
August 18, 1901, Pierce City, Missouri, Further information: Pierce City, Missouri § 1901 lynchings300 black residents were expelled after white residents lynched three black men for allegedly killing a white woman.
June 1902, Decatur, Indiana, A mob of 50 men forced black residents out of Decatur.
April 16, 1903, Joplin, Missouri, White residents drove out Joplin’s black residents following the lynching of a black transient for the murder of a white policeman.
July 9, 1903, Sour Lake, Texas, A mob of 500 white men opened fire on blacks and chased them out of Sour Lake after a brakeman was shot dead by a black man.
October 1905 and January 1909, Harrison, Arkansas, Race riots in 1905 and 1909 resulted in the expulsion of Harrison’s black residents.
August 24, 1906, Cotter, Arkansas.
1908, Marshall County, Kentucky, Whites led by a local doctor drove out blacks from the now extinct city of Birmingham and most of the rest of Marshall County.
November 1909, Anna and Jonesboro, Illinois, Whites expelled Anna and Jonesboro’s 40 black families after the lynching of William “Froggie” James in nearby Cairo.
September 1912, Forsyth County, Georgia, Further information: 1912 Racial Conflict of Forsyth County, Georgia98% of Forsyth County’s 1,000 black residents were expelled after two attacks on white women allegedly committed by black men.
July 1917, East St. Louis, Illinois, Further information: East St. Louis Race Riots the East St. Louis riots or East St. Louis massacres, of late May and July 1–3, 1917, were an outbreak of labor- and race-related violence by whites that caused the death of 40–250 black people and about $400,000 (over $8 million, in 2017 US dollars) in property damage. An estimated 6,000 black people were left homeless.
Fall 1919, Corbin, Kentucky, 200 black workers were forced to leave Corbin during a labor dispute.[18]
November 2–3, 1920, Ocoee, Florida, Further information: Ocoee massacre Ocoee’s black community was burned to the ground and nearly all of its 500 residents killed or expelled by whites after black men killed two whites in self-defense. At least 56 blacks were killed during the massacre.
May 31, 1921, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Further information: Tulsa race riot as many 300 black people were killed and 10,000 left homeless after whites attacked and destroyed the Greenwood district of Tulsa, known as “Black Wall Street”.
January 1923, Rosewood, Florida, Further information: Rosewood massacre Whites attacked and completely burned down the black Levy County town of Rosewood after a black man allegedly raped a white woman. At least 8 people and perhaps as many as 150 people were killed.
1923, Blanford, Indiana, Ku Klux Klan-led expulsion.
1954, Vienna, Illinois, White residents burned down all the black homes of Vienna and nearby areas outside city limits. The expulsion was sparked by the murder of an elderly white woman and the attempted rape of her teenage granddaughter by two black men.
NOTES
Expelled because of color, a monument to African Americans expelled from the Georgia Legislature.
Sundown town, a town that excludes African Americans from living in it. Many towns went sundown after expelling black populations though most sundown towns did not have significant black populations to begin with. A partial listing is available at Category: Sundown towns in the United States.
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May 31, 2021
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